Turkish has few exceptions: most of it follows consistent, learnable patterns. Browse 55 free grammar guides covering CEFR levels A1–B2, from vowel harmony to participles.
All 29 Turkish letters with names, sounds and examples: ç, ğ, ı, İ, ö, ş, ü explained, vowel groups, circumflex, common traps, and a reading exercise.
Learn how Turkish words split into syllables, which syllable is stressed, and the suffixes and word types that break the final-stress rule.
Turkish vowel harmony made clear: the vowel grid, 2-way (-lar/-ler) and 4-way (-ı/-i/-u/-ü) suffixes, loanword exceptions like saatler, drills.
Why kitap becomes kitabı and çocuk becomes çocuğu: the p, ç, t, k softening rule, its exceptions, the opposite hardening rule (kitapta), with drills.
Why Turkish says arabayı, arabası and arabanın: when to use the buffer letters y, ş, s and n, the YaŞaSıN trick, exceptions like suyu, and practice.
Learn ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar and the 'to be' suffixes -(y)ım, -sın, -dır: harmony tables, negatives with değil, questions and pronoun cases.
How to form Turkish plurals with -lar and -ler, why nouns stay singular after numbers, loanword exceptions, suffix order, and the special uses of -ler.
Use bu, şu and o as pronouns (this, that) and adjectives (this house), with case forms like bunu and ona, place words burası and burada, and practice.
How to ask yes/no questions in Turkish with mi, mı, mu, mü: spelling, 4-way harmony, placement for focus, and person endings in every tense.
All Turkish question words in one guide: ne, kim, nerede, nereye, nasıl, neden, ne zaman, hangi, kaç, ne kadar, with case endings, word order and drills.
Say there is, there isn't, I have and I don't have in Turkish with var and yok: possessive tables, vardı and olacak, bende var, and yok vs değil.
Count in Turkish from 0 to 100 and into the millions, form ordinals (birinci) and distributives (birer), and read prices, decimals and phone numbers.
Turkish adjectives go before the noun and never change form. Learn word order with bir, common adjective pairs, and adjectives used as nouns.
Compare things in Turkish with daha and the ablative -dan/-den, form superlatives with en, say 'as … as' with kadar, and use en az and en geç.
Learn the Turkish possessive suffixes (evim, evin, evi, evimiz…) with harmony tables, buffer letters, consonant changes and the n before cases.
The Turkish nominative (yalın hal) is the noun with no case suffix. Learn when to use it: subjects, indefinite objects, predicates and postpositions.
Say in, on and at in Turkish with the locative -de/-da/-te/-ta: the FıSTıKÇı ŞaHaP rule, times like saat beşte, evdeyim, -deki and common mistakes.
Turkish word order explained: SOV basics, the neutral order of time, place and objects, the focus slot before the verb, and devrik cümle.
Learn how Turkish verbs work: the -mek/-mak infinitive, finding the stem, vowel-final stems, etmek/olmak compounds and using the infinitive as a noun.
Turkish verbs use two main sets of person endings. Learn which tenses take the z-type (-ım, -sın, -ız) or k-type (-m, -n, -k) set, plus imperative endings.
How to say 'not' in Turkish: -me/-ma on verbs in every tense, değil for nouns and adjectives, yok for 'there isn't', plus hiç, hiçbir and ne…ne.
Conjugate the Turkish present continuous (-iyor): harmony tables, vowel-ending stems, git → gidiyor, negatives, questions, uses, mistakes and exercises.
All Turkish noun cases in one guide: nominative, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, genitive and instrumental -(y)la, with tables.
When does a Turkish object take -i, -ı, -u, -ü and when does it stay bare? Rules, harmony and softening tables, 20+ examples, mistakes and an exercise.
Use the Turkish dative -(y)e/-(y)a for to, towards and for: harmony, buffer y and softening tables, bana/sana, 15 dative verbs, mistakes and an exercise.
Use the Turkish ablative -den/-dan/-ten/-tan for from, out of, through, because of and than, with harmony tables, verbs that need it and exercises.
Learn the Turkish genitive -(n)ın/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)ün for 'of' and 's: harmony and buffer rules, benim/bizim, Ali'nin evi chains, 'mine' and practice.
How to say 'with', 'by bus' and 'and' in Turkish using ile and -(y)la/-(y)le: harmony rules, pronoun forms like benimle, verbs that need it and mistakes.
Learn the three types of Turkish noun compounds, evin kapısı, ev kapısı and taş ev, plus case endings, plurals and chained compounds, with examples.
Learn how kendi works in Turkish: kendim, kendini, kendine, 'my own' with kendi + noun, emphatic use, polite kendisi and set phrases like kendi kendine.
Build new Turkish words with -lı (with), -sız (without), -cı (person, job) and -lık (thing, abstract noun): harmony tables, ç/c rule and everyday examples.
Turkish postpositions come after the noun and govern a case: için, ile, gibi, kadar, göre, sonra, önce, beri. Tables, pronoun forms, examples and drills.
Form the Turkish definite past with -di/-dı/-du/-dü and -ti/-tı, person endings, negatives and questions, plus why Turks say acıktım for 'I'm hungry'.
Form the Turkish future with -(y)ecek/-(y)acak: the k→ğ change in yapacağım, diyecek and yiyecek, negatives, questions, and when to use it.
Give commands in Turkish (gel, gelin, geliniz, gelsin) and make suggestions with the optative (gideyim, gidelim): tables, politeness levels, practice.
How to say can, could, may and cannot in Turkish with -(y)ebil / -(y)abil and -(y)eme / -(y)ama, with tables, 20+ examples, common mistakes and practice.
Say must, should, should have and must be in Turkish with -meli/-malı, plus lazım, gerek and zorunda for 'need to' and 'don't have to'.
Learn Turkish adverbs of manner, time, place, frequency and degree, how to form them with -ce/-ca and reduplication, and where they go in a sentence.
Connect Turkish words and sentences with ve, ama, fakat, veya, ya da, çünkü, bu yüzden, hem…hem, ne…ne and ki. Spelling rules, examples and practice.
Form the Turkish aorist (geniş zaman) with -r, -ar/-er and -ır/-ir, the 13 exception verbs and negative -mez, plus habits, offers and polite requests.
Learn the Turkish evidential past -miş: conjugation tables, hearsay vs -di, inference and surprise, -ymiş after nouns, negatives, questions and exercises.
Learn the Turkish past continuous -iyordu: formation, negative and question forms, when to use it instead of -di, and how it combines with -ken.
Build every Turkish if-sentence: real (-ırsa), unreal (-sa … -ırdı), past (-saydı), wishes with keşke, and 'even if' (-sa bile), with tables and practice.
Someone, everyone, nobody, something, nothing in Turkish: biri, herkes, kimse, hiçbir şey, hepsi, bazıları, with negative-verb rules and case forms.
How Turkish says 'the man who came' and 'the book I read' with participles: -en, -dik, -ecek, adjectival -miş and -ir/-mez, with examples.
Use Turkish verbal nouns -mek, -me and -iş: cases, possessive endings, gitmek istiyorum vs gitmeni istiyorum, and the -iş 'way of doing'. With exercise.
Link Turkish clauses with converbs: -ip (and), -erek (by/while), -ince (when), -ken (while), -dikçe, -meden and -ir -mez. Rules, tables, examples.
Say after, before, when, until and since in Turkish: -dikten sonra, -meden önce, -diğinde, -ene kadar, -eli. Formation tables, examples and an exercise.
Use Turkish particles de/da, ki, bile, işte, ya, hani and acaba correctly: meanings, spelling (separate or joined), word position and common interjections.
How the Turkish causative works: when to use -t, -dir, -ir, -it or -ar, irregular causatives, and who does what, with examples and drills.
Form the Turkish passive with -ıl, -ın or -n, say 'by' with tarafından, use impersonal passives on signs and in recipes, and read news Turkish.
How Turkish verbs mean 'each other' (-iş: görüşmek, tanışmak) and 'oneself' (-in: giyinmek, yıkanmak), with passive overlaps, birbiri, kendi and stacking.
Combine Turkish tenses with the copulas -di, -miş, -se and -dir: was going to, had done, used to, apparently, must have. Tables, B2 examples, exercise.
Build 'that' clauses in Turkish with -dik, -ecek and -me: geldiğini biliyorum, gelmesini istiyorum, olduğunu, whether-clauses and case marking. B2 guide.
Report what people said in Turkish: direct quotes with dedi, diye with sordu, -diğini/-eceğini söyledi, -mesini istedi for commands, and hearsay -mış.
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