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The Turkish Aorist Tense (-r / -er / -ir): Habits, Promises & Polite Requests

Form the Turkish aorist (geniş zaman) with -r, -ar/-er and -ır/-ir, the 13 exception verbs and negative -mez, plus habits, offers and polite requests.

By TurkLogic Editorial TeamPublished Updated 6 min read

The aorist (geniş zaman, “broad tense”) is the Turkish tense for things that are generally true rather than happening at one moment: habits, facts, character, offers, promises, and the standard polite request. It is the tense of Bakar mısınız? (Excuse me? — to call a waiter) and Ben öderim (I’ll pay).

Its formation has one irregular corner, a list of 13 short verbs, but once you know that list, the rest is predictable.

Forming the positive aorist

Which suffix a verb takes depends on how its stem ends and how many syllables it has.

Stem type Suffix Examples
Ends in a vowel -r oku- → okur, bekle- → bekler, anla- → anlar, de- → der
One syllable, ends in a consonant -ar / -er (2-way) yap- → yapar, sev- → sever, iç- → içer, git- → gider, et- → eder
One syllable, 13 exceptions -ır / -ir / -ur / -ür (4-way) gel- → gelir, al- → alır, gör- → görür
Two or more syllables, ends in a consonant -ır / -ir / -ur / -ür (4-way) çalış- → çalışır, gönder- → gönderir, otur- → oturur, düşün- → düşünür

Note that git- and et- soften their t to d before the vowel (consonant mutation), and that the vowel choices follow vowel harmony.

The 13 exceptions

These one-syllable verbs take -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür instead of -ar/-er:

Verb Aorist Verb Aorist
almak (take) alır ölmek (die) ölür
bilmek (know) bilir sanmak (suppose) sanır
bulmak (find) bulur varmak (arrive) varır
durmak (stop) durur vermek (give) verir
gelmek (come) gelir vurmak (hit) vurur
görmek (see) görür kalmak (stay) kalır
olmak (be/become) olur

Since bil- is on this list, the ability suffix always gives -ebilir: yapabilir, gelebilir.

Full positive paradigm

The person endings are the “z-type” set used with the aorist (see verb person suffixes).

Person yapmak gelmek okumak
ben yaparım gelirim okurum
sen yaparsın gelirsin okursun
o yapar gelir okur
biz yaparız geliriz okuruz
siz yaparsınız gelirsiniz okursunuz
onlar yaparlar gelirler okurlar

The negative aorist: -mez / -maz

The negative replaces the -r suffix with -mez / -maz, and in the first person the z disappears. This is the same for every verb, exceptions included.

Person yapmak gelmek
ben yapmam gelmem
sen yapmazsın gelmezsin
o yapmaz gelmez
biz yapmayız gelmeyiz
siz yapmazsınız gelmezsiniz
onlar yapmazlar gelmezler

Questions

The question particle is written separately and carries the person ending in most persons:

Person Positive question Negative question
ben yapar mıyım? yapmaz mıyım?
sen yapar mısın? yapmaz mısın?
o yapar mı? yapmaz mı?
biz yapar mıyız? yapmaz mıyız?
siz yapar mısınız? yapmaz mısınız?
onlar yaparlar mı? yapmazlar mı?

What the aorist is used for

General truths and facts

  • Dünya güneşin etrafında döner. — The earth goes round the sun.
  • Su yüz derecede kaynar. — Water boils at a hundred degrees.
  • Kediler balık sever. — Cats like fish.

Habits and character

  • Her sabah kahve içerim. — I drink coffee every morning.
  • Babam hafta sonları balığa gider. — My father goes fishing at weekends.
  • Annem çok güzel yemek yapar. — My mother is a great cook.
  • Ben et yemem. — I don’t eat meat.

Polite requests

A question in the aorist is the standard polite way to ask someone to do something:

  • Bakar mısınız? — Excuse me? (calling a waiter or shop assistant)
  • Kapıyı açar mısın? — Would you open the door?
  • Biraz daha yavaş konuşur musunuz? — Could you speak a bit more slowly?
  • Hesabı getirir misiniz? — Could you bring the bill?

A negative question sounds like a warm invitation: Bir çay içmez misiniz? — Won’t you have a tea?

Offers, promises and spontaneous decisions

  • Yarın seni ararım. — I’ll call you tomorrow.
  • Ben öderim! — I’ll pay!
  • Merak etme, ben hallederim. — Don’t worry, I’ll sort it out.

Compare the future tense: Yarın seni arayacağım states a plan; Yarın seni ararım is a reassurance or promise made on the spot.

Uncertain predictions

  • Yarın yağmur yağar herhalde. — It’ll probably rain tomorrow.
  • Ali birazdan gelir. — Ali will probably be here soon.

Proverbs and sayings

  • Damlaya damlaya göl olur. — Drop by drop, a lake forms.
  • İşleyen demir pas tutmaz. — Iron that is used doesn’t rust.

Aorist vs. present continuous

In modern Turkish the present continuous also describes habits (Her gün spor yapıyorum — I do sport every day), so the two overlap. The aorist sounds more general and timeless; -iyor sounds more current.

Aorist Present continuous
Futbol oynar mısın? — Do you play football? (in general) Futbol oynuyor musun? — Are you playing football? / Do you play football these days?
Türkçe konuşur. — She speaks Turkish (it’s one of her skills). Türkçe konuşuyor. — She is speaking Turkish (now).

Building on the aorist

  • Conditional: aorist + -se gives real conditions: Gelirsen sevinirim (If you come, I’ll be glad). See the conditional mood.
  • Past habit: aorist + -di gives yapardım, “I used to do” or “I would do”: Çocukken her yaz köye giderdik (As children we used to go to the village every summer). More in compound tenses.

Asking about habits and offering things

Aorist questions ask about general habits and also make offers:

  • Sabahları ne yersin? — What do you usually eat in the mornings?
  • Kahve içer misiniz? — Do you drink coffee? / Would you like a coffee?
  • Hafta sonları ne yaparsınız? — What do you do at weekends?

Short dialogue

  • Garson: Hoş geldiniz, ne alırsınız? — Welcome, what will you have?
  • Müşteri: Bir çay alırım. Tatlı tavsiye eder misiniz? — I’ll have a tea. Would you recommend a dessert?
  • Garson: Künefemiz çok güzeldir, herkes sever. — Our künefe is excellent; everyone loves it.
  • Müşteri: O zaman bir künefe de alayım. — Then I’ll have a künefe too.
  • (later) Müşteri: Bakar mısınız? Hesabı getirir misiniz? — Excuse me? Could you bring the bill?

Every question here is in the aorist: alırsınız, tavsiye eder misiniz, getirir misiniz. Güzeldir adds the general-statement suffix -dir (“it’s always good”).

Common mistakes

  1. Wrong vowel on one-syllable verbs: gelir is right, but yapır, gidir are wrong; use yapar, gider.
  2. Forgetting the exceptions: alar, geler → alır, gelir.
  3. Adding -z in the first person negative: yapmazım, gelmeziz → yapmam, gelmeyiz.
  4. Using -er on long stems: çalışar → çalışır; otururum, not oturarım.
  5. Leaving out the softening: gitir, eter → gider, eder.

Mini-exercise

Put the verb into the aorist.

  1. Ali her gün gazete (oku-). → ?
  2. Annem kahveyi şekersiz (iç-). → ?
  3. Bu otobüs Kadıköy’e (git-) mi? → ?
  4. Ben sabahları erken (kalk-, negative). → ?
  5. Biz pazar günleri evde (kal-). → ?
  6. Kapıyı (kapat-, polite request, siz)? → ?

Answers: 1. okur 2. içer 3. gider 4. kalkmam 5. kalırız 6. Kapıyı kapatır mısınız?

Practice this

Run any verb through the verb conjugator to check whether it takes -er or -ir, then see how the aorist feeds into -se conditionals.

Knowledge Checkpoint

Test Your Understanding: The Turkish Aorist Tense (-r / -er / -ir): Habits, Promises & Polite Requests

Pick an answer to see instant feedback and an explanation.

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Question 1: How do you say 'He/She reads' using 'okumak' (to read) in Aorist tense?

Question 2: How do you say 'I do/make' using 'yapmak' (to do/make) in Aorist tense?

Frequently asked questions

When do you use the aorist tense in Turkish?

For general truths, habits and character traits, offers and spontaneous promises, polite requests (Bakar mısınız?), proverbs, and predictions you are not sure about.

How do you know whether a verb takes -er or -ir in the aorist?

Vowel-final stems take -r. One-syllable consonant-final stems take -ar/-er, except 13 common verbs (almak, bilmek, bulmak, durmak, gelmek, görmek, kalmak, olmak, ölmek, sanmak, varmak, vermek, vurmak) that take -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür. Stems of two or more syllables take -ır/-ir/-ur/-ür.

Why is the negative of yaparım 'yapmam' and not 'yapmazım'?

The negative aorist uses -mez/-maz, but in the first person the z drops: yapmam (I don't do), yapmayız (we don't do). The other persons keep it: yapmazsın, yapmaz, yapmazsınız, yapmazlar.

What is the difference between 'Futbol oynar mısın?' and 'Futbol oynuyor musun?'

Both can ask 'Do you play football?'. The aorist asks about a general habit or trait; the present continuous sounds more like 'these days' or can mean 'Are you playing football (right now)?'.

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