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Turkish Verb Person Suffixes: The Z-Type (-ım, -sın, -ız) and K-Type (-m, -n, -k) Sets

Turkish verbs use two main sets of person endings. Learn which tenses take the z-type (-ım, -sın, -ız) or k-type (-m, -n, -k) set, plus imperative endings.

By TurkLogic Editorial TeamPublished 7 min read

A Turkish verb shows who does the action with an ending at the very end of the word. Geliyorum is “I am coming”, geldin is “you came”, geleceğiz is “we will come”. Because these endings carry the subject, pronouns like ben (I) are usually dropped. Turkish has two main sets of person endings, and each tense always uses the same set. Learners usually call them the z-type and the k-type, after the ending in the “we” form. This page assumes you can already find a verb stem.

The two sets side by side

Person Z-type (personal) K-type (possessive-like)
ben (I) -(y)ım / -im / -um / -üm -m
sen (you) -sın / -sin / -sun / -sün -n
o (he/she/it) – (sometimes -dır) –
biz (we) -(y)ız / -iz / -uz / -üz -k
siz (you, pl./polite) -sınız / -siniz / -sunuz / -sünüz -nız / -niz / -nuz / -nüz
onlar (they) -lar / -ler -lar / -ler

Both sets follow vowel harmony. The z-type set is the same one you use after nouns and adjectives (“I am a teacher”: öğretmenim), explained on the personal pronouns and “to be” page.

Which tense uses which set?

Z-type K-type
present continuous -iyor definite past -di
future -ecek conditional -se
aorist -r
reported past -miş
necessity -meli
“to be” after nouns and adjectives

The k-type list is short: just the past in -di and the conditional in -se. Everything else in the table uses the z-type.

Z-type in action

Present continuous: gelmek

Person Form Meaning
ben geliyorum I am coming
sen geliyorsun you are coming
o geliyor he/she is coming
biz geliyoruz we are coming
siz geliyorsunuz you are coming
onlar geliyorlar they are coming

Because -iyor always contains o, the endings are always -um, -sun, -uz, -sunuz. See the present continuous page.

Future: gelmek and yapmak

Person gelmek yapmak
ben geleceğim yapacağım
sen geleceksin yapacaksın
o gelecek yapacak
biz geleceğiz yapacağız
siz geleceksiniz yapacaksınız
onlar gelecekler yapacaklar

Before the vowel of -im and -iz, the k of -ecek softens to ğ.

Aorist and necessity

  • Her gün çay içerim. (I drink tea every day.)
  • Türkçe konuşur musunuz? (Do you speak Turkish?)
  • Daha çok çalışmalıyım. (I should work more.) After a vowel, the “I” and “we” endings take a buffer y: -yım, -yız.

K-type in action

Definite past: gelmek and okumak

Person gelmek okumak
ben geldim okudum
sen geldin okudun
o geldi okudu
biz geldik okuduk
siz geldiniz okudunuz
onlar geldiler okudular

Conditional: gelmek

Person Form Meaning
ben gelsem if I came
sen gelsen if you came
o gelse if he/she came
biz gelsek if we came
siz gelseniz if you came
onlar gelseler if they came
  • Dün sinemaya gittik. (We went to the cinema yesterday.)
  • Mesajımı aldın mı? (Did you get my message?)
  • Zamanım olsa, gelirdim. (If I had time, I would come.)

More on these tenses: the definite past -di and the conditional -se.

The question particle: where does the ending go?

This is the most practical difference between the two sets. With the z-type, the person ending moves onto the question particle mi. With the k-type, it stays on the verb.

Z-type (ending on mi) K-type (ending on verb)
Geliyor musun? (Are you coming?) Geldin mi? (Did you come?)
Gelecek misiniz? (Will you come?) Geldiniz mi? (Did you come?)
Yorgun musun? (Are you tired?) Gelsek mi? (Shall we come?)

The question particle page covers this in detail.

A third set: commands and “let’s”

The imperative and optative have their own endings:

Person Ending Example
sen – Gel! (Come!)
o -sın Gelsin. (Let him come.)
siz -(y)ın / -(y)ınız Gelin! / Geliniz. (Come! polite)
onlar -sınlar Gelsinler. (Let them come.)
ben -(y)ayım Geleyim mi? (Shall I come?)
biz -(y)alım Gidelim! (Let’s go!)

See imperative and optative moods.

The third person and -lar

  • “He/she/it” has no ending in most tenses: geliyor, geldi, gelecek.
  • -dır can be added in formal or general statements: Müze pazartesi kapalıdır. (The museum is closed on Mondays.)
  • “They” -lar is often dropped when the plural subject is stated, especially for things and animals: Otobüsler geç kalıyor (The buses are running late).

Negative aorist: a special case

The negative aorist uses -mez/-maz, but in the “I” and “we” forms the z disappears:

Person Form Meaning
ben gelmem I don’t come
sen gelmezsin you don’t come
o gelmez he/she doesn’t come
biz gelmeyiz we don’t come
siz gelmezsiniz you don’t come
onlar gelmezler they don’t come

Both sets in a real conversation

Two friends talking on the phone:

Ece: Dün akşam ne yaptın? (What did you do last night?)

Mark: Arkadaşlarla buluştuk, dışarıda yemek yedik. Sen? (We met up with friends and ate out. You?)

Ece: Ben evdeydim. Yarın ne yapacaksın? (I was at home. What will you do tomorrow?)

Mark: Sabah çalışacağım, ama akşam boşum. (I’ll work in the morning, but I’m free in the evening.)

Ece: Görüşelim mi? (Shall we meet?)

Mark: Olur, seni ararım. (Sure, I’ll call you.)

  • yaptın, buluştuk, yedik: past -di, so k-type (-n, -k).
  • evdeydim: “to be” in the past also uses the k-type ending -m.
  • yapacaksın, çalışacağım: future, so z-type (-sın, -ım).
  • boşum: “to be” after an adjective, z-type.
  • görüşelim: optative “let’s”.
  • ararım: aorist, z-type, used here for a promise.

Pronouns, emphasis and polite siz

Because the ending shows the person, adding the pronoun adds emphasis or contrast:

  • Geliyorum. (I’m coming.) Neutral.
  • Ben geliyorum, sen kal. (I’m coming; you stay.) Contrast.
  • Bunu ben yapmadım! (I didn’t do this!) Emphasis.

The siz endings are also the polite way to address one person you don’t know well, such as a shopkeeper, a doctor or an official: Nasılsınız? (How are you?), Ne düşünüyorsunuz? (What do you think?), Buyurun, oturun. (Please, have a seat.)

Common mistakes

  • Using z-type endings in the past. geldiyim → geldim; geldiyiz → geldik.
  • Using k-type in the present. geliyorduk is a different tense; “we are coming” is geliyoruz.
  • Putting the ending in the wrong place in questions. Geliyorsun mu? → Geliyor musun?; Geldi misin? → Geldin mi?
  • Forgetting the soft ğ. gelecekim → geleceğim.
  • Negative aorist “I”. gelmezim → gelmem.

Mini-exercise

Add the correct ending.

  1. Dün sinemaya git___ (biz). (We went to the cinema yesterday.)
  2. Yarın sana telefon edeceğ___ (ben). (I’ll phone you tomorrow.)
  3. Şu an ne yapıyor___ (sen)? (What are you doing right now?)
  4. Kahvaltı yaptı___ mı? (sen) (Did you have breakfast?)
  5. Türkçe öğreniyor mu___? (siz) (Are you learning Turkish?)
  6. Erken kalksa___, otobüsü kaçırmazdık. (biz) (If we got up early, we wouldn’t miss the bus.)

Answers: 1. gittik · 2. edeceğim · 3. yapıyorsun · 4. yaptın mı · 5. musunuz · 6. kalksak

Next steps

Practice both sets across every tense in the verb conjugator, then learn how negative forms change the stem in negation in Turkish.

Knowledge Checkpoint

Test Your Understanding: Turkish Verb Person Suffixes: The Z-Type (-ım, -sın, -ız) and K-Type (-m, -n, -k) Sets

Pick an answer to see instant feedback and an explanation.

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Question 1: In the present continuous tense, 'geliyorum' means 'I am coming'. What part is the 1st person singular suffix?

Question 2: What is the verb stem of 'yapmak' (to do/make)?

Frequently asked questions

What are k-type and z-type suffixes in Turkish?

They are the two main sets of person endings on verbs, named after their 'we' form. Z-type: -(y)ım, -sın, –, -(y)ız, -sınız, -lar (geliyoruz). K-type: -m, -n, –, -k, -nız, -lar (geldik). The tense decides which set you use.

Which tenses use the k-type endings?

Only two: the definite past -di (geldim, geldin, geldik) and the conditional -se (gelsem, gelsen, gelsek). The optative 'let's' form gelelim is a separate set.

Do I need to use pronouns like 'ben' and 'sen' with Turkish verbs?

Usually not. The person ending already shows the subject, so geliyorum alone means 'I am coming'. Add ben, sen etc. for emphasis or contrast: Ben geliyorum, sen kal (I'm coming, you stay).

Can I leave off -lar in the 'they' form?

Often, yes. When the subject is plural and clearly mentioned, especially for things or animals, the verb usually stays singular: Kuşlar uçuyor (The birds are flying). With people, both Çocuklar geliyor and Çocuklar geliyorlar are correct.

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