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CEFR A1Verbs

Turkish Verb Stems and Infinitives (-mek / -mak): The Starting Point of Every Verb

Learn how Turkish verbs work: the -mek/-mak infinitive, finding the stem, vowel-final stems, etmek/olmak compounds and using the infinitive as a noun.

By TurkLogic Editorial TeamPublished 7 min read

Every Turkish verb you look up in a dictionary ends in -mek or -mak. This form is the infinitive (mastar), the equivalent of English “to come” or “to do”. Remove that ending and you have the stem (fiil kökü or gövde), the base onto which every tense, negation and person suffix is stacked. Getting comfortable with stems is the first step towards conjugating anything, and the verb conjugator builds all its tables from them.

-mek or -mak?

The choice follows two-way vowel harmony, based on the last vowel of the stem:

Last vowel of stem Infinitive Examples
e, i, ö, ü (front) -mek gelmek (to come), gitmek (to go), görmek (to see), içmek (to drink), öğrenmek (to learn), düşünmek (to think)
a, ı, o, u (back) -mak yapmak (to do), almak (to take, buy), okumak (to read), çalışmak (to work), konuşmak (to speak), oturmak (to sit, live)

Only the last vowel counts: anlatmak (to explain) has a and a → -mak; beklemek (to wait) ends in e → -mek.

Finding the stem

Infinitive Stem Command (to “sen”)
gelmek gel- Gel! (Come!)
yapmak yap- Yap! (Do it!)
okumak oku- Oku! (Read!)
beklemek bekle- Bekle! (Wait!)
oturmak otur- Otur! (Sit down!)
söylemek söyle- Söyle! (Say it!)

The stem by itself is the informal command, as you can see in the right-hand column. The imperative page covers polite and plural commands.

Consonant-final and vowel-final stems

Most stems end in a consonant (gel-, yap-, otur-), but many common verbs end in a vowel (oku-, bekle-, anla-, başla-, söyle-, uyu-). This matters when a suffix begins with a vowel:

  • With a consonant-final stem, the suffix attaches directly: gel-ecek → gelecek (will come).
  • With a vowel-final stem, a buffer y is inserted: oku-y-acak → okuyacak (will read), bekle-y-in → bekleyin (wait, polite).
  • Before -iyor, a final a/e drops and the vowel of -iyor harmonises: bekle- → bekliyor, anla- → anlıyor, söyle- → söylüyor. See the present continuous page.

Small irregularities in some stems

Turkish verbs are highly regular, but a few stems change slightly when a vowel follows:

  • t → d in a handful of verbs: gitmek → gidiyorum (I’m going), etmek → ediyor (he does), tatmak → tadıyor (she tastes), gütmek → güdüyor (he herds). Most t-final stems keep their t: yatmak → yatıyor, satmak → satıyor, atmak → atıyor. This is a lexical variant of consonant softening, so learn these few verbs individually.
  • demek and yemek raise their vowel in some forms: diyor (he says), yiyor (she is eating), diyecek, yiyecek.

The aorist (-r) also has stems that take -ir instead of -er; those are listed on the aorist tense page.

Suffix order after the stem

Once you have the stem, suffixes follow a fixed order:

stem → (voice) → (negative) → tense/mood → person

Form Breakdown Meaning
geldim gel-di-m I came
gelmedim gel-me-di-m I didn’t come
yaptırdım yap-tır-dı-m I had it done
yaptırmadım yap-tır-ma-dı-m I didn’t have it done
okuyacağız oku-y-acağ-ız we will read

The negative -me/-ma is covered in negation in Turkish, and the final person endings in verb person suffixes.

Compound verbs with etmek and olmak

Turkish forms many verbs by combining a noun with etmek (to do, make) or olmak (to be, become). Only the second word is conjugated.

Compound Meaning Example
yardım etmek to help Sana yardım edeyim. (Let me help you.)
telefon etmek to phone Yarın telefon ederim. (I’ll phone tomorrow.)
teşekkür etmek to thank Teşekkür ederim. (Thank you.)
rica etmek to request Rica ederim. (You’re welcome.)
memnun olmak to be pleased Memnun oldum. (Pleased to meet you.)
hasta olmak to get ill Dün hasta oldum. (I got ill yesterday.)

When joining the two parts changes the sound of the noun (a doubled consonant or a lost vowel), they are written as one word: his + etmek → hissetmek (to feel), af + etmek → affetmek (to forgive), kayıp + etmek → kaybetmek (to lose), kayıp + olmak → kaybolmak (to get lost).

Verbs made from nouns with -lA

Another productive pattern adds -la/-le to a noun: temiz (clean) → temizlemek (to clean), ütü (iron) → ütülemek (to iron), kilit (lock) → kilitlemek (to lock), su (water) → sulamak (to water).

Using the infinitive as a noun

The infinitive can act as a noun meaning “to do” or “doing”:

  • Türkçe öğrenmek istiyorum. (I want to learn Turkish.)
  • Yüzmek sağlıklıdır. (Swimming is healthy.)
  • Türkçe öğrenmek için buraya geldim. (I came here to learn Turkish.)
  • Uçmaktan korkuyorum. (I’m afraid of flying.)

Before the vowel-initial accusative and dative endings, the k disappears and you use the short form -me/-ma: Yüzmeyi seviyorum (I love swimming), Türkçe öğrenmeye başladım (I’ve started learning Turkish). The ablative keeps the k: uçmaktan. The full picture is on the verbal nouns page.

Twenty high-frequency verbs and their stems

Infinitive Stem Meaning Infinitive Stem Meaning
gelmek gel- to come yemek ye- to eat
gitmek git- to go içmek iç- to drink
yapmak yap- to do, make okumak oku- to read
etmek et- to do (in compounds) yazmak yaz- to write
olmak ol- to be, become konuşmak konuş- to speak
almak al- to take, buy anlamak anla- to understand
vermek ver- to give çalışmak çalış- to work, study
istemek iste- to want oturmak otur- to sit; to live
bilmek bil- to know başlamak başla- to begin
görmek gör- to see demek de- to say
  • Ne istiyorsun? (What do you want?) from iste-
  • Seni anlamıyorum. (I don’t understand you.) from anla-
  • Nerede oturuyorsunuz? (Where do you live?) from otur-

Working back from a verb you hear

When you meet an unfamiliar verb form, strip suffixes from the end until you reach the stem, then add -mek/-mak to look it up:

You hear Strip suffixes Stem Dictionary form
gidiyorlar gid-iyor-lar git- (d → t) gitmek
okuyamadım oku-yama-dı-m oku- okumak
söylüyor söyl-üyor söyle- söylemek
bekleyeceğiz bekle-yeceğ-iz bekle- beklemek
ediyorum ed-iyor-um et- etmek

Two hints help: if the stem ends in d before a vowel, try t (gid- → git-), and if the stem before -iyor seems to lack a final vowel, add e or a back (söyl- → söyle-). The suffix deconstructor can do this for you.

Common mistakes

  • Picking -mek/-mak from the first vowel. anlatmek → anlatmak; check the last vowel.
  • Conjugating the infinitive. gelmekiyorum → geliyorum; always remove -mek first.
  • Forgetting the buffer y. okuacak → okuyacak.
  • Conjugating both parts of a compound. yardım ediyorum, not yardımım ediyorum.
  • Using -mek before the accusative. Yüzmekı seviyorum → Yüzmeyi seviyorum.

Mini-exercise

A. Give the infinitive. 1. gör- 2. çalış- 3. başla- 4. düşün-

B. Give the stem. 5. içmek 6. söylemek 7. oturmak

C. Translate. 8. I want to drink tea. 9. Wait! (to a friend)

Answers: 1. görmek · 2. çalışmak · 3. başlamak · 4. düşünmek · 5. iç- · 6. söyle- · 7. otur- · 8. Çay içmek istiyorum. · 9. Bekle!

Next steps

See any verb fully conjugated, for example gelmek, or enter your own in the verb conjugator.

Knowledge Checkpoint

Test Your Understanding: Turkish Verb Stems and Infinitives (-mek / -mak): The Starting Point of Every Verb

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Question 1: What is the verb stem of 'gelmek' (to come)?

Frequently asked questions

What is the infinitive in Turkish?

The dictionary form of a verb, ending in -mek or -mak: gelmek (to come), yapmak (to do). The ending is -mek if the stem's last vowel is e, i, ö or ü, and -mak if it is a, ı, o or u.

How do I find the stem of a Turkish verb?

Remove -mek or -mak: gelmek → gel-, okumak → oku-, beklemek → bekle-. The stem is also the informal command form: Gel! (Come!), Oku! (Read!).

Why does 'gitmek' become 'gidiyorum'?

A few verbs ending in t soften it to d before a vowel: gitmek → gidiyorum, etmek → ediyorum, tatmak → tadıyorum. Most t-final verbs do not change: yatmak → yatıyorum, satmak → satıyorum.

Is 'yardım etmek' one verb or two words?

It is a compound verb written as two words: a noun plus etmek (to do) or olmak (to be/become). Only etmek/olmak is conjugated: yardım ediyorum (I'm helping). A few merge into one word, such as hissetmek, affetmek and kaybolmak.

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