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Turkish Personal Endings Chart: k-Type and z-Type Suffixes

Every Turkish verb form ends with a person marker, but there are two main sets. The z-type set (-(y)Im, -sIn, -(y)Iz, -sInIz), named after its 1st person plural -Iz, follows most tenses and also turns nouns into sentences (öğretmenim, I am a teacher). The k-type set (-m, -n, -k, -nIz) is used only after the past -DI and the conditional -sA.

This sheet puts the four sets side by side, lists exactly which tenses take which set, and shows complete paradigms for gelmek and yapmak generated by our conjugation engine. A box at the bottom covers the "to be" endings on nouns and adjectives, and where the question particle mi goes with each set.

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Turkish Personal Endings Chart: k-Type and z-Type Suffixes

Which person ending goes with which tense: z-type, k-type, imperative and optative sets

TurkLogic · A1–A2

1 · The ending sets

Personz-type (personal)k-type
ben-(y)Im-m
sen-sIn-n
o— (-DIr)—
biz-(y)Iz-k
siz-sInIz-nIz
onlar-lAr-lAr

z-type follows …

-(I)yor · -(y)AcAk · -mIş · aorist -r/-Ar/-Ir · -mAlI · -(y)Abil- + aorist · nouns and adjectives ("to be")

k-type follows …

-DI (past) · -sA (conditional) · and anything ending in -DI: -(I)yordu, -mIştI, past "to be" -(y)DI

Imperative & optative

sen: stem · o: -sIn · siz: -(y)In(Iz) · onlar: -sInlAr · ben: -(y)AyIm · biz: -(y)AlIm

2 · gelmek in every set

z · -iyorz · -ecekz · aoristz · -melik · -dik · -sek · -iyorduimp. / opt.
bengeliyorumgeleceğimgelirimgelmeliyimgeldimgelsemgeliyordumgeleyim
sengeliyorsungeleceksingelirsingelmelisingeldingelsengeliyordungel
ogeliyorgelecekgelirgelmeligeldigelsegeliyordugelsin
bizgeliyoruzgeleceğizgelirizgelmeliyizgeldikgelsekgeliyordukgelelim
sizgeliyorsunuzgeleceksinizgelirsinizgelmelisinizgeldinizgelsenizgeliyordunuzgelin
onlargeliyorlargeleceklergelirlergelmelilergeldilergelselergeliyorlardıgelsinler

3 · Back vowels: yapmak

z · -iyorz · -mişk · -dik · -se
benyapıyorumyapmışımyaptımyapsam
senyapıyorsunyapmışsınyaptınyapsan
oyapıyoryapmışyaptıyapsa
bizyapıyoruzyapmışızyaptıkyapsak
sizyapıyorsunuzyapmışsınızyaptınızyapsanız
onlaryapıyorlaryapmışlaryaptılaryapsalar

4 · "To be" on nouns (z-type)

öğretmenimhastayımI am …
öğretmensinhastasınyou are …
öğretmen(dir)hasta(dır)he/she is …
öğretmenizhastayızwe are …
öğretmensinizhastasınızyou (pl.) are …
öğretmen(ler)hasta(lar)they are …

Past: öğretmendim, hastaydım (k-type) · Negative: öğretmen değilim

Where the question particle goes

z-type: the ending moves onto mi → geliyor musun, gelecek miyiz, öğretmen misin? · k-type: the ending stays on the verb → geldin mi, gelsek mi

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Personal Endings: FAQ

What is the difference between k-type and z-type endings?

They are two sets of person suffixes named after their 1st person plural. k-type (-m, -n, -k, -nIz, -lAr) is used after -DI and -sA: geldik, gelsek. z-type (-(y)Im, -sIn, -(y)Iz, -sInIz, -lAr) is used after -iyor, -ecek, -miş, the aorist and -meli: geliyoruz, geleceğiz.

Where does mi go in a question?

With z-type tenses the question particle carries the ending: geliyor musun?, gelecek miyiz? With k-type tenses the ending stays on the verb and mi comes last: geldin mi?, gelsek mi?

Is the 3rd person ending -dir required?

No. In everyday speech the 3rd person usually has no ending: O öğretmen (He is a teacher). -DIr adds emphasis, certainty or a formal tone, and is common in written statements: Toplantı saat üçtedir.

How do I save the personal endings as a PDF?

Click "Print / Save as PDF", then choose "Save as PDF" (or "Microsoft Print to PDF") as the printer. The site header, menus and buttons are removed automatically, and the sheet fits A4 and US Letter paper. On a phone, use the share menu and choose Print.

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