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Turkish Verb Tenses Overview: All 10 Tenses on One Sheet

Turkish verbs follow one assembly line: stem, optional negative -mA-, a tense or mood marker, and a personal ending. This sheet lists the ten markers you need from A1 to B1, from the present continuous -(I)yor to the necessitative -mAlI, each with its formula, when to use it and a positive, negative and question example.

A second table shows the same ten tenses with four different verbs side by side (gelmek, yapmak, okumak, gitmek), so you can see vowel harmony, the narrowing of a/e before -yor and the softening of git- → gid- at work. All forms are produced by the same tested engine that powers the TurkLogic verb conjugator.

Tip: choose "Save as PDF" as the printer to keep a copy on your phone or tablet.

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Turkish Verb Tenses Overview: All 10 Tenses on One Sheet

Formula, use and examples for the 10 core tenses and moods

TurkLogic · A1–B1

1 · The ten tenses and moods (gelmek, "to come")

TenseMarkerUsePositiveNegativeQuestion
1. Present Continuous
Şimdiki Zaman
-(I)yornow, ongoing, near future plansgeliyorum
I am coming
gelmiyorumgeliyor muyum
2. Definite Past
Görülen Geçmiş Zaman
-DIcompleted past, witnessedgeldim
I came
gelmedimgeldim mi
3. Reported Past
Öğrenilen Geçmiş Zaman
-mIşheard, inferred, surprisegelmişim
I apparently came
gelmemişimgelmiş miyim
4. Future
Gelecek Zaman
-(y)AcAkplans, predictions, decisionsgeleceğim
I will come
gelmeyeceğimgelecek miyim
5. Aorist (Simple Present)
Geniş Zaman
-r / -Ar / -Ir (neg. -mAz)habits, general truths, offers, polite requestsgelirim
I come
gelmemgelir miyim
6. Necessitative
Gereklilik Kipi
-mAlImust, should, advicegelmeliyim
I must come
gelmemeliyimgelmeli miyim
7. Conditional
Dilek-Şart Kipi
-sAif …, wishes (keşke …)gelsem
if I came
gelmesemgelsem mi
8. Imperative & Optative
Emir ve İstek Kipi
Ø / -sIn / -(y)In; -(y)AyIm / -(y)AlImcommands; let me / let usgel
Come!
gelmegeleyim mi
9. Ability (can)
Yeterlilik
-(y)Abil- + aorist (neg. -(y)AmA-)can, be able to, maygelebilirim
I can come
gelememgelebilir miyim
10. Past Continuous
Şimdiki Zamanın Hikâyesi
-(I)yorduwas …-ing at a past momentgeliyordum
I was coming
gelmiyordumgeliyor muydum

Forms are 1st person singular (ben); the imperative row shows the 2nd person command (sen) and the optative question geleyim mi? (shall I come?).

Building a verb form

stem + (negative -mA-) + tense / mood + person ending

gel + me + yecek + im → gelmeyeceğim (k → ğ before a vowel)

The infinitive minus -mek/-mak is the stem: gelmek → gel-, okumak → oku-.

The 13 verbs with an -Ir aorist

alır, bilir, bulur, durur, gelir, görür, kalır, olur, ölür, sanır, varır, verir, vurur

Other one-syllable consonant stems take -Ar (yapar, gider); longer stems take -Ir (konuşur); vowel stems take -r (okur).

2 · Same tense, four verbs (o = he/she; imperative: sen)

Tensegelmekyapmakokumakgitmek
Present Continuousgeliyoryapıyorokuyorgidiyor
Definite Pastgeldiyaptıokudugitti
Reported Pastgelmişyapmışokumuşgitmiş
Futuregelecekyapacakokuyacakgidecek
Aorist (Simple Present)geliryaparokurgider
Necessitativegelmeliyapmalıokumalıgitmeli
Conditionalgelseyapsaokusagitse
Imperative & Optativegelyapokugit
Ability (can)gelebiliryapabilirokuyabilirgidebilir
Past Continuousgeliyorduyapıyorduokuyordugidiyordu

Harmony

Every marker harmonises with the stem: geldi / yaptı / okudu, gelecek / yapacak. Only the o of -yor never changes.

Sound changes

git- → gidiyor, gidecek (t → d before a vowel) · oku- → okuyacak (buffer y) · stem-final a/e narrows before -yor: bekle- → bekliyor.

Questions

mi is a separate word and usually carries the person ending (geliyor musun?), except after -DI and -sA (geldin mi?).

Verb Tenses Overview: FAQ

How many tenses does Turkish have?

Grammars count differently, but learners need about ten core tenses and moods: present continuous, definite past, reported past, future, aorist, necessitative, conditional, imperative/optative, ability and past continuous. Compound forms such as -ecekti or -mişti combine these.

Which Turkish tense should I learn first?

Start with the present continuous (-iyor) and the definite past (-di). Together they cover most everyday conversation. Add the future (-ecek) next, then the aorist, which you need for habits and polite requests.

Why do the examples use gelmek?

Gelmek has front vowels and one of the 13 irregular aorists (gelir, not geler), so it shows several rules at once. The second table repeats every tense with yapmak, okumak and gitmek for comparison.

How do I save the verb tenses overview as a PDF?

Click "Print / Save as PDF", then choose "Save as PDF" (or "Microsoft Print to PDF") as the printer. The site header, menus and buttons are removed automatically, and the sheet fits A4 and US Letter paper. On a phone, use the share menu and choose Print.

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