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Turkish Past Simple Tense (-di / -dı / -du / -dü): Definite Past Explained

Form the Turkish definite past with -di/-dı/-du/-dü and -ti/-tı, person endings, negatives and questions, plus why Turks say acıktım for 'I'm hungry'.

By TurkLogic Editorial TeamPublished Updated 6 min read

The definite past (belirli geçmiş zaman or görülen geçmiş zaman) describes completed events that the speaker saw, experienced or knows for certain. It covers both English “I did” and, often, “I have done”. It is one of the first tenses learners need, and one of the most regular.

Forming the past tense

The suffix is -DI: its consonant is d or t, and its vowel follows four-way vowel harmony.

Last vowel of stem After vowels & voiced consonants After f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p
a, ı -dı -tı
e, i -di -ti
o, u -du -tu
ö, ü -dü -tü

The t forms appear after the voiceless consonants of FıSTıKÇı ŞaHaP. This is the suffix hardening, not the stem changing: git- + -ti → gitti, yap- + -tı → yaptı. The stem never softens before -di, because the suffix begins with a consonant.

Stem Past (o) Meaning
gel- geldi came
al- aldı took / bought
oku- okudu read
gör- gördü saw
yap- yaptı did
iç- içti drank
konuş- konuştu spoke
kalk- kalktı got up
bekle- bekledi waited

No buffer letter is needed after a vowel stem: bekle-di, oku-du.

Person endings

The definite past takes the short “k-type” endings (see verb person suffixes):

Person Ending gitmek almak görmek
ben -m gittim aldım gördüm
sen -n gittin aldın gördün
o — gitti aldı gördü
biz -k gittik aldık gördük
siz -nız/-niz… gittiniz aldınız gördünüz
onlar -lar/-ler gittiler aldılar gördüler

Negative: -me/-ma + -di

Put the negative suffix -me/-ma between the stem and the past suffix. Because -ma ends in a vowel, the past suffix is always -dı/-di in the negative.

Person yapmak gelmek
ben yapmadım gelmedim
sen yapmadın gelmedin
o yapmadı gelmedi
biz yapmadık gelmedik
siz yapmadınız gelmediniz
onlar yapmadılar gelmediler

Questions

With the past tense, the person ending stays on the verb and the question particle comes after it as a separate word:

Positive question Negative question
Geldim mi? Gelmedim mi?
Geldin mi? Gelmedin mi?
Geldi mi? Gelmedi mi?
Geldik mi? Gelmedik mi?
Geldiniz mi? Gelmediniz mi?
Geldiler mi? Gelmediler mi?

Compare the present continuous, where the person ending moves onto the particle: Geliyor musun?

When to use -di

Completed events

  • Dün akşam sinemaya gittik. — We went to the cinema last night.
  • Geçen yıl İstanbul’a taşındım. — I moved to Istanbul last year.
  • Kahvaltıda simit yedim. — I ate a simit for breakfast.
  • Toplantı saat üçte bitti. — The meeting ended at three.

Experiences and “have done”

  • Hiç Kapadokya’ya gittin mi? — Have you ever been to Cappadocia?
  • Yemek yedin mi? — Have you eaten?
  • Bu filmi üç kere izledim. — I’ve watched this film three times.

Present states expressed with -di

Many verbs describe a change of state, so the past form describes how you are now:

Turkish Literally Natural English
Acıktım. I got hungry. I’m hungry.
Yoruldum. I got tired. I’m tired.
Anladım. I understood. I get it. / I see.
Sıkıldım. I got bored. I’m bored.
Geç kaldım. I became late. I’m late.
Bitti. It finished. It’s over. / It’s all gone.

Witnessed vs. reported

Use -di for what you know first-hand. For news you heard, read, or inferred, Turkish uses the reported past -miş:

  • Ali geldi. — Ali came. (I saw him or I know it.)
  • Ali gelmiş. — Apparently Ali came. (Someone told me, or I see his shoes at the door.)

Common time expressions

Turkish English
dün yesterday
geçen hafta / geçen yıl last week / last year
iki gün önce two days ago
az önce, demin just now
bu sabah this morning
hiç ever (in questions), never (with negatives)

The past of “to be”: -(y)di on nouns

The same suffix attaches to nouns, adjectives and var/yok to mean “was / were”, with a buffer y after vowels:

  • Hava çok güzeldi. — The weather was lovely.
  • Dün evdeydim. — I was at home yesterday.
  • Eskiden öğretmendim. — I used to be a teacher.
  • Evde kimse yoktu. — There was nobody at home.

See personal pronouns and “to be” for the full pattern. For ongoing actions in the past (I was doing), use the past continuous -iyordu.

Telling a story in -di

A sequence of past events is simply a chain of -di verbs, linked with words like önce (first), sonra (then) and ve (and):

Geçen cumartesi erken kalktım. Kahvaltı yaptım ve vapura bindim. Kadıköy’de bir arkadaşımla buluştuk. Önce çarşıda dolaştık, sonra bir lokantada balık yedik. Akşam eve döndüm ve hemen uyudum.

Last Saturday I got up early. I had breakfast and took the ferry. I met a friend in Kadıköy. First we wandered around the market, then we ate fish at a restaurant. In the evening I came home and went straight to sleep.

Short answers

Turkish answers a yes/no question by repeating the verb rather than saying just “yes” or “no”:

  • Kitabı okudun mu? — Okudum. (Yes, I did.) / Okumadım. (No, I didn’t.)
  • Yemek yediniz mi? — Yedik, teşekkürler. (Yes, we have, thanks.)

Short dialogue

  • Elif: Dün akşam ne yaptın? — What did you do last night?
  • Can: Arkadaşlarımla buluştum, Türk kahvesi içtik. Sen? — I met my friends and we had Turkish coffee. You?
  • Elif: Hiçbir yere gitmedim. Çok yorgundum, erken yattım. — I didn’t go anywhere. I was very tired, so I went to bed early.

Common mistakes

  1. Using d after a voiceless consonant: yapdım, içdim → yaptım, içtim.
  2. Softening the stem: gidtim → gittim.
  3. Wrong “we” ending: gittimiz → gittik.
  4. Person ending on the particle: Geldi misin? → Geldin mi?
  5. Hardening in the negative: yapmatım → yapmadım.
  6. -di for hearsay: if you only read it in the news, -miş is usually more natural.

Mini-exercise

Put the verb into the past tense.

  1. Dün çok (çalış-, ben). → ?
  2. Geçen hafta Bursa’ya (git-, biz). → ?
  3. Mektubu (oku-, sen) mu? → ?
  4. Çocuklar kahvaltı (yap-, negative). → ?
  5. Saat kaçta (kalk-, siz)? → ?
  6. Dün hava çok (soğuk). → ?

Answers: 1. çalıştım 2. gittik 3. Mektubu okudun mu? 4. yapmadılar 5. kalktınız 6. soğuktu

Practice this

Check every person and the negative of any verb in the verb conjugator, then move on to the reported past -miş.

Knowledge Checkpoint

Test Your Understanding: Turkish Past Simple Tense (-di / -dı / -du / -dü): Definite Past Explained

Pick an answer to see instant feedback and an explanation.

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Question 1: How do you say 'I saw' using 'görmek' (to see)?

Question 2: How do you say 'He/She did' using 'yapmak' (to do)?

Frequently asked questions

How do you form the past tense in Turkish?

Add -dı, -di, -du or -dü to the verb stem (vowel harmony), or -tı, -ti, -tu, -tü after f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p. Then add the person ending: geldim, geldin, geldi, geldik, geldiniz, geldiler.

What is the difference between -di and -miş?

-di is for past events you witnessed or know for sure: Ali geldi (Ali came). -miş is for things you heard about or inferred: Ali gelmiş (apparently Ali came).

Where does mi go in a past-tense question?

After the person ending, as a separate word: Geldin mi? (Did you come?), Yediniz mi? (Did you eat?). This differs from the present continuous, where the ending goes on mi: Geliyor musun?

Can -di mean 'have done' as well as 'did'?

Yes. Turkish uses -di for both: Yemek yedin mi? can mean 'Did you eat?' or 'Have you eaten?', and Hiç Kapadokya'ya gittin mi? means 'Have you ever been to Cappadocia?'

Practice Past Simple Tense in the App

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