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Turkish Accusative Case (-i / -ı / -u / -ü): Definite Direct Objects Explained

When does a Turkish object take -i, -ı, -u, -ü and when does it stay bare? Rules, harmony and softening tables, 20+ examples, mistakes and an exercise.

By TurkLogic Editorial TeamPublished Updated 6 min read

The accusative case (belirtme hâli) marks a specific direct object: the particular thing or person the verb acts on. English shows this with “the” or with words like “him” and “this one”. Turkish shows it with the suffix -(y)ı, -(y)i, -(y)u, -(y)ü.

The hard part is not the suffix but the decision: Turkish objects come in two kinds. A definite object takes the accusative; an indefinite or general object stays bare, in the nominative form. For where this case sits among the others, see the noun cases overview.

Forming the accusative

The vowel follows four-way vowel harmony. After a vowel, the buffer letter y is inserted.

Last vowel of the noun After a consonant After a vowel
a, ı -ı -yı
e, i -i -yi
o, u -u -yu
ö, ü -ü -yü
Noun Accusative Meaning
ev evi the house
okul okulu the school
kız kızı the girl
göl gölü the lake
elma elmayı the apple
kedi kediyi the cat
kutu kutuyu the box
ütü ütüyü the iron

Consonant softening

Most nouns of more than one syllable that end in p, ç, t, k soften before the vowel of the suffix (see consonant mutation):

Noun Accusative
kitap (book) kitabı
ağaç (tree) ağacı
köpek (dog) köpeği
renk (colour) rengi
gözlük (glasses) gözlüğü

Most one-syllable words keep their consonant: top → topu, saç → saçı, et → eti. A handful soften anyway (kurt → kurdu, dert → derdi), so learn those as you meet them.

Names, pronouns and possessed nouns

Base Accusative Note
Ahmet / Ayşe Ahmet’i / Ayşe’yi apostrophe, no softening in proper names
İstanbul İstanbul’u
ben, sen, o beni, seni, onu o adds n
biz, siz, onlar bizi, sizi, onları
bu, şu bunu, şunu
ne?, kim? neyi?, kimi?
arabası (his car) arabasını pronominal n after 3rd-person possessive
kitapları (their books) kitaplarını

When you must use the accusative

  1. With bu, şu, o:
    • Bu arabayı alıyorum. — I’m buying this car.
    • Şu çantayı görebilir miyim? — Could I see that bag?
  2. With names of people and places:
    • Ahmet’i gördüm. — I saw Ahmet.
    • İstanbul’u çok seviyorum. — I love Istanbul.
  3. With personal and demonstrative pronouns:
    • Beni duyuyor musun? — Can you hear me?
    • Onu tanımıyorum. — I don’t know him.
    • Bunu nereden aldın? — Where did you get this?
  4. With possessed nouns:
    • Telefonumu unuttum. — I forgot my phone.
    • Annemi arıyorum. — I’m calling my mother.
  5. With anything already known to both speakers:
    • Çayı içtin mi? — Did you drink the tea? (the one I made)
    • Filmi beğendin mi? — Did you like the film?

When you leave the object bare

General, indefinite or “some” objects take no suffix:

  • Kitap okuyorum. — I’m reading (a book / books).
  • Çay içiyorum. — I’m drinking tea.
  • Ekmek aldım. — I bought (some) bread.
  • Bir araba almak istiyorum. — I want to buy a car.
  • Ne arıyorsun? — What are you looking for?

Contrast pairs

Indefinite Definite
Elma yedim. — I ate an apple / some apples. Elmayı yedim. — I ate the apple.
Mektup yazdım. — I wrote a letter / letters. Mektubu yazdım. — I wrote the letter.
Bir öğrenci arıyorum. — I’m looking for a student (any student). Bir öğrenciyi arıyorum. — I’m looking for a certain student.
Ne istiyorsun? — What do you want? Neyi istiyorsun? — Which thing do you want?

Word order follows definiteness

A bare object normally sits right before the verb, almost like part of it: Dün kitap okudum (Yesterday I did some reading). A definite object can move more freely: Kitabı dün okudum or Dün kitabı okudum. If you put a time word between a bare object and its verb, it sounds odd. More on this in Turkish word order.

Accusative or possessive -ı?

The accusative -ı and the third-person possessive -(s)ı can look alike:

  • kapıyı — the door (accusative, buffer y)
  • kapısı — its door (possessive, buffer s)
  • evi — “his house” or “the house” (as an object). Context decides: Evi büyük (His house is big) vs Evi gördüm (I saw the house).

The possessive suffixes guide covers the second form.

Verbs that do not take the accusative

Some verbs that take a direct object in English need another case in Turkish:

  • bakmak (to look at) + dative: Sana bakıyorum. — I’m looking at you.
  • binmek (to get on) + dative: Otobüse biniyorum. — I’m getting on the bus.
  • korkmak (to fear) + ablative: Köpeklerden korkarım. — I’m afraid of dogs.

See the dative and ablative pages for the full lists.

Asking about objects: kimi, neyi, hangisini

Question words take the accusative when they ask about a specific object:

  • Kimi arıyorsunuz? — Who are you looking for?
  • Hangisini istiyorsun? — Which one do you want?
  • Neyi beğenmedin? — What exactly didn’t you like?

Compare Ne yiyorsun? (What are you eating?), a general question with no accusative.

Short dialogue

  • Satıcı: Hoş geldiniz, ne arıyorsunuz? — Welcome, what are you looking for?
  • Müşteri: Bir mont arıyorum. Vitrindeki siyah montu görebilir miyim? — I’m looking for a coat. Could I see the black coat in the window?
  • Satıcı: Tabii. Bedeninizi biliyor musunuz? — Of course. Do you know your size?
  • Müşteri: M sanırım. Bunu deneyebilir miyim? — M, I think. Can I try this on?
  • Satıcı: Buyurun, deneme kabini şurada. — Here you are, the fitting room is over there.

Bir mont is any coat (bare); siyah montu is a specific one; bunu is a pronoun; bedeninizi is possessed. In deneme kabini, the -i is the compound possessive, not the accusative.

Common mistakes

  1. Skipping softening: kitapı → kitabı, köpeki → köpeği.
  2. Buffer y on consonant-final names: Ahmet’yi → Ahmet’i.
  3. Missing the pronominal n: arabasıyı → arabasını.
  4. Bare object with a demonstrative: Bu kitap okudum → Bu kitabı okudum.
  5. Accusative for general activities: Her sabah kahveyi içerim sounds like a specific coffee; say Her sabah kahve içerim.
  6. Accusative with dative verbs: Otobüsü biniyorum → Otobüse biniyorum.

Mini-exercise

Add the accusative where it is needed, or leave the noun bare.

  1. Dün akşam (film) izledim. (some film, not specific) → ?
  2. Dün akşam (o film) izledim. → ?
  3. (Ayşe) tanıyor musun? → ?
  4. (Anahtarım) bulamıyorum. → ?
  5. Lütfen (pencere) kapat. (the window) → ?
  6. (Köpek) çok seviyorum. (the dog we were talking about) → ?

Answers: 1. film (Dün akşam film izledim.) 2. o filmi 3. Ayşe’yi 4. Anahtarımı 5. pencereyi 6. Köpeği

Practice this

Check endings in the harmony calculator, then learn the case that marks direction, the dative.

Knowledge Checkpoint

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Question 1: To say 'I saw THE CAR', how would 'araba' (car) change?

Question 2: If 'ev' means house, how do you say 'I saw THE HOUSE'?

Frequently asked questions

When do you use the accusative case in Turkish?

Use it on a direct object that is specific or definite: a named person, a pronoun, something with bu/şu/o, a possessed noun, or a thing both speakers already know about. General or indefinite objects stay in the bare (nominative) form.

What is the difference between kitap okuyorum and kitabı okuyorum?

Kitap okuyorum means 'I'm reading (a book / books)', a general activity. Kitabı okuyorum means 'I'm reading the book', one specific book.

Why is it kitabı and not kitapı?

Many nouns ending in p, ç, t, k soften to b, c, d, ğ before a vowel-initial suffix: kitap → kitabı, ağaç → ağacı, köpek → köpeği.

Does bir + noun ever take the accusative?

Yes, when you mean one particular but unnamed thing: Bir öğrenciyi arıyorum means 'I'm looking for a (particular) student'. Without the suffix, Bir öğrenci arıyorum means you'd take any student.

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