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CEFR A2Everyday objectssoftening

Mektup Declension: Turkish Cases of 'letter'

mektup means “letter (mail)”. Its last vowel is u, so 2-way suffixes use a (mektuplar) and 4-way suffixes use u (mektubun). Its final p softens to b before a vowel (mektubu, mektuba) but stays hard before a consonant (mektupta).

Quick facts

Plural
mektuplar
letters
Harmony
Back rounded
suffix vowels a / u
Ends in
a consonant
suffixes attach directly
Object form
mektubu
accusative, “the letter”

Rules this noun follows

  • Consonant softening — A final p, ç, t, k softens to b, c, d, ğ before a vowel.mektubu, mektuba, mektubum
  • Consonant hardening — After f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p a suffix-initial d becomes t (and c becomes ç).mektupta, mektuptan
  • Linking vowel — A harmonised vowel is inserted after a consonant (kitab-ı-m).mektubum, mektubun
  • Pronominal n — After a 3rd-person possessive, case suffixes take n (arabası-n-ı, evi-n-de).mektubunu, mektubunda

Mektup in all seven cases

The added suffix is highlighted. Plural forms put -lar before the case ending.

CaseSingularPlural
NominativeYalın hâl · no endingmektuplettermektuplarletters
AccusativeBelirtme hâli · -(y)Imektubuthe letter (object)mektuplarıthe letters (object)
DativeYönelme hâli · -(y)Amektubato the lettermektuplarato the letters
LocativeBulunma hâli · -DAmektuptain / at the lettermektuplardain / at the letters
AblativeAyrılma hâli · -DAnmektuptanfrom the lettermektuplardanfrom the letters
Genitiveİlgi hâli · -(n)Inmektubunthe letter's / of the lettermektuplarınthe letters's / of the letters
InstrumentalVasıta hâli · -(y)lAmektuplawith the lettermektuplarlawith the letters

Possessive forms: “my letter”, “your letter”…

The possessive suffix comes first, then the case. After the 3rd-person forms a case ending takes an extra n (mektubunda). See possessive suffixes.

OwnerNominativeAccusativeDativeLocativeAblative
benimmymektubummy lettermektubumumy letter (object)mektubumato my lettermektubumdain / at my lettermektubumdanfrom my letter
seninyourmektubunyour lettermektubunuyour letter (object)mektubunato your lettermektubundain / at your lettermektubundanfrom your letter
onunhis/her/itsmektubuhis/her lettermektubunuhis/her letter (object)mektubunato his/her lettermektubundain / at his/her lettermektubundanfrom his/her letter
bizimourmektubumuzour lettermektubumuzuour letter (object)mektubumuzato our lettermektubumuzdain / at our lettermektubumuzdanfrom our letter
sizinyour (pl.)mektubunuzyour (pl.) lettermektubunuzuyour (pl.) letter (object)mektubunuzato your (pl.) lettermektubunuzdain / at your (pl.) lettermektubunuzdanfrom your (pl.) letter
onlarıntheirmektuplarıtheir lettersmektuplarınıtheir letters (object)mektuplarınato their lettersmektuplarındain / at their lettersmektuplarındanfrom their letters

Plural + possessive: mektuplarım (my letters) · mektupların (your letters) · mektupları (his/her letters) · mektuplarımız (our letters) · mektuplarınız (your (pl.) letters) · mektupları (their letters)

Mektup in example sentences

  • Mektubunu dün aldım.

    I got your letter yesterday.

    Accusative case
  • Mektuba bir fotoğraf da ekledim.

    I also put a photo in with the letter.

    Dative case
  • Mektupta neler yazıyor?

    What does the letter say?

    Locative case

Watch out with mektup

  • Softening before vowels. Final p softens before a vowel: mektubu, mektuba, mektubum (not *mektupu). Before a consonant it stays hard: mektupta, mektuplar. Rule →
  • Locative with t, not d. After a voiceless consonant the locative and ablative start with t: mektupta, mektuptan (not *mektupda). Rule →
  • Two meanings of mektubun. mektubun is both "of the letter" (genitive) and "your letter" (possessive). mektubu is likewise both the object form and "his/her letter". Rule →

Related nouns and resources

Questions about mektup

What is the plural of mektup?

The plural of mektup ("letter") is mektuplar. The plural suffix follows 2-way vowel harmony: the last vowel of mektup is u, a back vowel, so it takes -lar. The plural then takes case endings: mektupları, mektuplarda, mektuplardan.

How do you say "to the letter" in Turkish?

"To the letter" is mektuba, the dative case (-a). Similarly, "in / at the letter" is mektupta (locative) and "from the letter" is mektuptan (ablative).

Why does mektup become mektubu?

Final p, ç, t and k soften to b, c, d and ğ (g after n) when a vowel follows. Mektup follows this rule, so the accusative is mektubu and "my letter" is mektubum. Before a consonant the hard letter stays: mektupta, mektuplar.

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