Gök Declension: Turkish Cases of 'sky'
gök means “sky”. Its last vowel is ö, so 2-way suffixes use e (gökler) and 4-way suffixes use ü (göğün). Its final k softens to ğ before a vowel (göğü, göğe) but stays hard before a consonant (gökte).
Quick facts
- Plural
- gökler
- skies
- Harmony
- Front rounded
- suffix vowels e / ü
- Ends in
- a consonant
- suffixes attach directly
- Object form
- göğü
- accusative, “the sky”
Rules this noun follows
- Consonant softening — A final p, ç, t, k softens to b, c, d, ğ before a vowel.göğü, göğe, göğüm
- Consonant hardening — After f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p a suffix-initial d becomes t (and c becomes ç).gökte, gökten
- Linking vowel — A harmonised vowel is inserted after a consonant (kitab-ı-m).göğüm, göğün
- Pronominal n — After a 3rd-person possessive, case suffixes take n (arabası-n-ı, evi-n-de).göğünü, göğünde
Gök in all seven cases
The added suffix is highlighted. Plural forms put -ler before the case ending.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| NominativeYalın hâl · no ending | göksky | göklerskies |
| AccusativeBelirtme hâli · -(y)I | göğüthe sky (object) | göklerithe skies (object) |
| DativeYönelme hâli · -(y)A | göğeto the sky | göklereto the skies |
| LocativeBulunma hâli · -DA | göktein / at the sky | göklerdein / at the skies |
| AblativeAyrılma hâli · -DAn | göktenfrom the sky | göklerdenfrom the skies |
| Genitiveİlgi hâli · -(n)In | göğünthe sky's / of the sky | göklerinthe skies's / of the skies |
| InstrumentalVasıta hâli · -(y)lA | göklewith the sky | göklerlewith the skies |
Possessive forms: “my sky”, “your sky”…
The possessive suffix comes first, then the case. After the 3rd-person forms a case ending takes an extra n (göğünde). See possessive suffixes.
| Owner | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Locative | Ablative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| benimmy | göğümmy sky | göğümümy sky (object) | göğümeto my sky | göğümdein / at my sky | göğümdenfrom my sky |
| seninyour | göğünyour sky | göğünüyour sky (object) | göğüneto your sky | göğündein / at your sky | göğündenfrom your sky |
| onunhis/her/its | göğühis/her sky | göğünühis/her sky (object) | göğüneto his/her sky | göğündein / at his/her sky | göğündenfrom his/her sky |
| bizimour | göğümüzour sky | göğümüzüour sky (object) | göğümüzeto our sky | göğümüzdein / at our sky | göğümüzdenfrom our sky |
| sizinyour (pl.) | göğünüzyour (pl.) sky | göğünüzüyour (pl.) sky (object) | göğünüzeto your (pl.) sky | göğünüzdein / at your (pl.) sky | göğünüzdenfrom your (pl.) sky |
| onlarıntheir | gökleritheir skies | göklerinitheir skies (object) | göklerineto their skies | göklerindein / at their skies | göklerindenfrom their skies |
Plural + possessive: göklerim (my skies) · göklerin (your skies) · gökleri (his/her skies) · göklerimiz (our skies) · gökleriniz (your (pl.) skies) · gökleri (their skies)
Gök in example sentences
Watch out with gök
- A one-syllable word that softens. Final k softens before a vowel: göğü, göğe, göğüm (not
*gökü). Before a consonant it stays hard: gökte, gökler. Most one-syllable words never soften (top → topu), so this one is worth memorising. Rule → - Locative with t, not d. After a voiceless consonant the locative and ablative start with t: gökte, gökten (not
*gökde). Rule → - Two meanings of göğün. göğün is both "of the sky" (genitive) and "your sky" (possessive). göğü is likewise both the object form and "his/her sky". Rule →
Related nouns and resources
Related nouns: nature & weather
- ada island
- ateş fire
- bulut cloud
- göl lake
- nehir river
- orman forest
- rüzgâr wind
- taş stone
- yaprak leaf
- yıldız star
Other nouns that soften
Questions about gök
What is the plural of gök?
The plural of gök ("sky") is gökler. The plural suffix follows 2-way vowel harmony: the last vowel of gök is ö, a front vowel, so it takes -ler. The plural then takes case endings: gökleri, göklerde, göklerden.
How do you say "to the sky" in Turkish?
"To the sky" is göğe, the dative case (-e). Similarly, "in / at the sky" is gökte (locative) and "from the sky" is gökten (ablative).
Why does gök become göğü?
Final p, ç, t and k soften to b, c, d and ğ (g after n) when a vowel follows. Gök follows this rule, so the accusative is göğü and "my sky" is göğüm. Before a consonant the hard letter stays: gökte, gökler.
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